The article presents a theoretical analysis of the possibilities of market and state coordination mechanisms. In modern conditions, governments of many countries face the need to increasingly use public sector resources to address a range of emerging challenges, demonstrating new limitations of the market mechanism. This poses a challenge for the scientific community to rethink the economic role of the state, the theory of market failures, and the limits of state intervention in the economy. The aim of this work is to justify the current functions of the state and the need for a more active use of state ownership as a tool for regulating the Russian economy in the face of growing challenges. To this end, the theoretical foundations of expanding state participation in the economy and the limits of its effectiveness, as well as new functions of the state set by key national priorities are considered. Based on a theoretical analysis of existing concepts of state intervention in the economy presented by leading foreign and domestic economists, a systematic and holistic approach to the study of the economic functions of the state, a comparative analysis of different countries practices in solving problems caused by digitalization, the COVID-19 pandemic, and sanctions restrictions, the article provides a modern perspective on market failures and state failures, and justifies the importance of state ownership as a regulating tool. As a result, it is concluded that the emergence of new state functions is a response to digital transformation and increasing sanctions pressure. More active involvement of state-owned companies in the process of sharing innovations and resources will contribute to a full-fledged digital transformation of the economy and the achievement of technological sovereignty.

The article is devoted to the study of the process of creating competitive industrial products in the field of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), which in recent years has been considered as one of the key areas of technological development and national security. The research includes a systematic analysis of the stages of the life cycle of new products, starting from research and development (R&D) and ending with mass production and export. The study clarified the types of work and tasks that companies face at each stage, which made it possible to identify the key factors determining the successful transition from the development stage to the production and export stage. The proposed conceptual scheme demonstrates that the effectiveness of this transition is determined by a set of eight interrelated factors, including the state of the R&D infrastructure, the availability of government support mechanisms, the level of the innovation and financial ecosystem, as well as the development of certification and standardization mechanisms. It is emphasized that the competitiveness of UAS is formed not only due to the quality of scientific and technical solutions, but also due to a built-in management system for the processes of commercialization and scaling of production. The practical significance of the results is shown in the possibility of using the developed scheme as a methodological basis for making managerial decisions by manufacturing companies. In particular, this concerns early demand orientation from target industries and government customers, choosing the optimal form of commercialization, creating feedback processing systems and preparing for certification requirements. For government agencies, the results of the study make it possible to identify priority policy areas: the development of test sites, the formation of a regulatory framework taking into account the specifics of UAS, the stimulation of venture capital and the creation of conditions for mass production. Thus, the proposed approach provides the basis for the formation of a continuous cycle of reproduction of competitive products in the UAS industry and contributes to increasing the share of domestic solutions in both domestic and foreign markets.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations for assessing the economic efficiency of agricultural production with a particular focus on the regional characteristics of the Sughd Region of the Republic of Tajikistan. It is shown that the specificity of the agricultural sector is determined by the multifactoral nature of its functioning, including a special role of the land as the main means of production, the self-reproducing nature of agricultural products, differentiated farm income, and the pronounced seasonality of revenue flows. These factors predetermine the necessity of applying comprehensive approaches to the analysis and measurement of efficiency. Different types of efficiency are identified and characterized: technological efficiency, reflecting the degree of application of modern agrotechnologies; economic efficiency, expressed in the ratio of costs to results; social efficiency, related to ensuring employment and improving the living standards of the rural population; and ecological efficiency, oriented toward the sustainable use of natural resources. For objective evaluation, a system of indicators is proposed, including gross output, net income, profit, profitability, as well as integral indices that capture the multidimensional nature of agricultural processes. From a methodological perspective, particular attention is given to the use of the frontier analysis method (Data Envelopment Analysis — DEA), which provides a comparative assessment of farm efficiency, identifies missed reserves, and determines directions for optimizing resource use. The role of scientific and technological progress and factor models that reveal the contribution of intensive and extensive development paths is emphasized. The conclusion highlights that improving the performance of the agrarian sector requires a comprehensive approach that combines government support, rational use of land, labour, and financial resources, the development of an innovation base, and institutional transformations aimed at building a competitive and sustainable regional agricultural system.

With the rise of environmental issues, the concept of sustainable development has become essential, asserting the interconnection between socio-economic development and environmental protection. There is a request for the qualitatively new development indicators, alternatives to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Currently, subjective life satisfaction is receiving special attention as an alternative to GDP and an indicator of life quality. The aim of this study is to identify the socio-ecological factors influencing subjective life satisfaction in both developed and developing countries. A comparative analysis of development indicators alternative to GDP is presented: the Human Development Index (HDI), the Happy Planet Index, the Better Life Index, and the Happiness Index presented in the World Happiness Report. Possible reasons for cross-country disparities in happiness levels are explored, including the East Asian happiness deficit and the Latin American happiness surplus. Based on data from the World Happiness Report, the Sustainable Development Report, and the World Bank, econometric models with fixed effects (panel data) were constructed using Gretl software. Econometric modeling based on data from developed countries revealed a negative impact of negative emotions on happiness levels and a positive impact of the proportion of the population feeling safe when alone outdoors at night. For developing countries, significant variables included the logarithm of GDP per capita, and the Women, Business and Law Index developed by the World Bank — both indicators demonstrated a positive influence on happiness levels. The results obtained serve as a guide for policy measures aimed at increasing happiness levels in both developed and developing countries.

In today’s socioeconomic development, public demand for spiritual and moral values and intersectoral social partnerships (ISP) is emerging, which in turn is creating new demands on the higher education system. Building on interactions between the university and social partners from the public, business, and nonprofit sectors, the Service-Learning program fosters the creation of a special type of a team that requires scientific understanding. This article, using the example of the Kazan State Power Engineering University (Tatarstan), describes and analyzes the practice of forming and developing project teams participating in the Service-Learning project, highlighting team effects. The choice of the research object is based, firstly, on the maturity of civil society in the Republic of Tatarstan, secondly, on the development of intersectoral partnerships between the state, business, and nonprofits in the republic, and the officially recognized successful implementation of the Service-Learning program. The study’s methodological framework was based on the concept of methodological pluralism, and the primary method was the author’s participant observation of the organization, implementation, and synthesis of team experiences in the lifecycle practices of service-learning projects in ISPs (more than 50 teams, 180 people). A secondary analysis of the results of a team retrospective, supplemented by a questionnaire, was used to identify team effects. As a result, it is concluded that intersectoral project teams in the service-learning approach are dynamic, cross-functional, and have distributed leadership. The approach itself makes a significant contribution to the development of civic awareness, professional competencies that meet labour market demands, and the development of the university’s third mission.

Real estate development companies bear a high level of responsibility to society due to the nature of their product: they create living environments for city residents, and the buildings they construct remain standing for many years after their completion. Therefore, their compliance with the sustainable development agenda is of particular importance. This article examines various approaches to defining the term “development” and outlines the conceptual foundations of green construction, while also analyzing the dynamics of the residential real estate market. It further explores what constitutes a company’s sustainable development and how a development firm can attain such a status, as well as the measures currently being undertaken by both the government and businesses to advance this concept. To analyze the involvement of Russian developers in implementing the sustainable development concept, a study was conducted on the 105 largest companies based on their housing commissioning volume in 2022 and 2024. The companies were divided into two sectors depending on the degree of their involvement. The research also identified specific practices through which they follow the sustainable development agenda. The study revealed that more than half of the 105 largest developers in 2022 and 2024 met the sustainable development agenda in one way or another. Despite the replacement of 45 companies within the top- 105 between 2022 and 2024, the overall level of involvement in sustainable development increased by 3.8% over these two years. This may serve as evidence of an already established trend towards sustainable development in real estate development.

The article analyses the evolution of language policy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) within the context of implementing the strategic “Saudi Vision 2030” program. Based on an examination of key legislative acts and contemporary reforms, the paper reveals the mechanisms for developing and affirming the Arabic language as a core element of national identity and, simultaneously, a tool of soft power on the international level. Particular attention is given to the activities of the Kingdom’s government bodies and various educational institutions. The work details the initiatives and projects of the King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language (KSGAAL). It analyses its projects, such as the digitalization of the language, the standardization of terminology through glossaries, and large-scale international educational projects like “Arabic Language Month”. The causes, dynamics, and consequences of the interaction between Arabization and globalization in educational and digital spaces are shown. The study examines the dialectic of Arabization and globalization against the backdrop of internal transformations and the intensification of KSA’s foreign policy. The research demonstrates that the state consistently upholds the priority of the Arabic language in legal and public spheres, while simultaneously pursuing a pragmatic course toward a strategic symbiosis with the English language in education and science to integrate into the global economy. Contemporary challenges, such as the spread of Arabizi and the low share of Arabic content in the digital environment, are separately considered, along with innovative countermeasures, including the development of the national AI model Allam. In conclusion, the study justifies a system of concrete measures for deepening Russian-Saudi humanitarian cooperation. It proposes mutual educational initiatives, including academic exchanges, joint cultural-linguistic projects, and the training of teaching staff, the implementation of which could yield a synergistic effect for both Russia and Saudi Arabia.

The article examines the phenomenon of institutional continuity within Russia’s strategic planning system, tracing its evolution from the Soviet planned economy of five-year plans to the modern model of management by objectives through national projects. The study aims to identify elements of institutional continuity in Russia’s strategic planning system that manifest in modern national projects and assess their impact on the effectiveness of public administration. Based on historical-genetic, comparative-historical, and structural-functional analysis, key inherited institutional characteristics that maintain their influence at all planning levels were identified and systematized: the dominance of political goals over economic ones, rigid centralization of the management vertical, the directive nature of goal-setting, a mobilization-based implementation mechanism, and an orientation towards quantitative rather than qualitative results. It is shown that during the implementation of national projects, these inherited traits generate specific systemic dysfunctions: low adaptability to external challenges (as was confirmed during the pandemic), systemic simulation of activity, a gap between declared goals and real socio-economic effects, and the reproduction of a cost-intensive economic model. Despite the identified positive aspects of continuity (management coordination, predictability, personnel continuity), institutional continuity acts as a structural factor limiting the effectiveness of state strategic management. Prospects for improving the system’s efficiency are associated with a transition from the inherited logic of centralized directive management to a flexible model based on decentralizing responsibility, creating incentives for achieving high-quality, socially significant results, and implementing feedback mechanisms focused on the final outcome. Prospects for a further research are related to the development of specific mechanisms for such a transformation.

In modern world, characterized by increased demands on public administration due to globalization and greater interaction with society as a result of the growing capabilities of information and communication technologies, the issue of openness in public authorities has become one of the key issues in their activities. However, there is no single, universally accepted approach to this issue in the scientific literature. A number of researchers reduce the concept of openness to simple access to information, i.e. to information openness. Opposing them, another part of the scientific community notes the need to separate information openness and openness in general, justifying their differences as the relationship between the part and the whole. In this regard, the conceptualization of the concept of openness beyond information openness remains outside the focus of researchers. To this end, the article attempts to provide a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of openness by defining and substantiating the concept of political openness, which goes beyond simple information practices and covers the broader area of interaction between the authorities and civil society with a view to involving the latter in the decision-making process. The article identifies the content of political openness and outlines its main elements. In addition, attention is paid to the relationship between the openness of public authorities and the trust placed in them by citizens. On this basis, the complexity and multifaceted nature of the openness of public authorities is noted, and the advisability of further scientific research on the conceptualization of the main elements of openness in their interrelation with such related concepts as publicity, accessibility and transparency is indicated.

The research is devoted to the issue of the “revolving door” mechanism evolution in the framework of interaction of business interest groups with the state in Russia in the 1990s – 2000s. The relevance of the chosen topic is defined by the need to study the empirical experience, which determined the logic of constructing a modern system of the “revolving door” mechanism in the Russian Federation, taking into account the assessment of its functioning in the 1990s – early 2000s. The methodology of the work is formed by combining elements of the problem-chronological, historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods, as well as the method of synchronous analysis. The aim of the study is to assess the main directions and factors of transformation of the “revolving door” mechanism in Russia in the period under review. As a result, it is concluded that the process of the “revolving door” mechanism transformation in the 1990s – 2000s was determined primarily by the dynamics of development of two factors — formation of a network of interest groups of large businesses and institutionalization of their interaction with the state. The absence of a consensus “constitution” for the interaction of interest groups, the generally low degree of institutionalization of this process, the highly competitive nature of the environment for the interaction of interest groups and the resource weakening of the public authority system contributed to the emergence of a situation in which the “revolving door” mechanism was actually transformed into a means of infiltrating government agencies with agents of influence of business interest groups and ensuring the loyalty of a part of the top bureaucracy to large commercial structures. In the early 2000s, the network interaction between the state and large business structures began to be built on the basis of the principle of equidistance between the owners of flagship economic companies and the centers of political decision-making. At the same time, the quality of institutionalization of the process of interaction between commercial structures and public authorities increased. The state continued to support leading interest groups, but assistance was provided on the condition that large businesses refused to try to directly or indirectly establish control over the functioning of federal-level authorities and the active involvement of interest groups in solving problems at the national level. The result of this was the normalization of the functioning of the “revolving door” mechanism.

The article examines the activities of the Russian intelligentsia to modernize domestic legislation after the February revolution of 1917. In the Juridical Council formed under the Provisional Government, the Russian intelligentsia was engaged in standards control of pre-revolutionary legislation, as well as gave a legal assessment to the draft laws of the new government aimed at creating a democratic legal state. In this regard, the aim of this study is to identify the role and specific actions of the Russian intelligentsia in modernizing Russian legislation in 1917 as part of the legislative activities of the Juridical Council under the Provisional Government. The issue of the activities of the Juridical Council has been repeatedly highlighted in Russian historiography. The main focus of the works of Soviet and modern historians and lawyers is on specific legal reforms carried out by the new government with the support of the Juridical Council. It should also be noted that the researchers have studied in detail the biographies of some participants of the Council, and analYzed their political and legal ideas. However, despite the fact that many aspects of the activities of the Juridical Council have been studied, the participation of the Russian intelligentsia and its role in the work of the Council were not the subject of a research. In the course of the study, questions about the legal foundations of the emergence and activities of the Provisional Government and the Juridical Council formed under it were considered, the most effective areas of the Council’s activities were studied, which include the reform of local self-government in Russia and the formation of the legal status of Russian citizens. As a result of the analysis, it was proved that the expert advisory activities of the Russian intelligentsia within the framework of the Juridical Council contributed to the modernization of Russian legislation, but many legal achievements were lost after the appearance of the new government in October 1917.

The rapid development of digital technologies is driving significant transformations in economic relations and the emergence of new business models. The sharing economy model has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers; however, its potential application at the regional level within Russia remains insufficiently explored. The aim of this study is to develop an original approach to assessing the sharing economy across Russian regions. Developing the author’s methodology for evaluating the sharing economy, we employed index and integral approaches, linear scaling methods, ranking techniques, and statistical analysis methods, including the coefficient of variation to assess data homogeneity. As a result of this research, a set of indicators has been developed to guide the analysis of sharing economy development at the regional level. These indicators consider key areas such as transportation, real estate, finance, goods exchange, and sharing of labour resources (freelancers and self-employed individuals). An integral index measuring the development of the sharing economy across regions has been proposed. The application of the proposed methodological approach is shown using the example of 15 regions, the capital of which is a city with a population of over a million. The findings reveal that Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sverdlovsk Oblast demonstrate the most uniform development across different spheres. Among these regions, real estate and goods exchange are the most developed sectors. Additionally, private indices of sharing economy development highlight potential areas for cooperation between regional and municipal authorities and sharing economy platforms to address urban and regional challenges. Theoretically, the study contributes by advancing methodological foundations for assessing the sharing economy. Practically, the results can be used to develop cooperation frameworks between government authorities and companies utilizing sharing economy models to enhance resource efficiency.

Digital transformation and geoeconomic changes are making it crucial to ensure technological sovereignty as the foundation of national security and sustainable development. A key problem is the conceptual confusion between technological sovereignty and technological autonomy, which leads to the selection of ineffective strategies and the reproduction of dependence. The aim of this study is to theoretically substantiate technological sovereignty as a factor in strengthening public administration and to develop a system of tools for Russia’s transition to a model of advanced development. A systems approach forms the methodological basis of this work. A combination of general scientific and specialized methods was used: comparative and critical analysis to distinguish key concepts, structural and functional analysis to study the scientific and technological development (S&T) management system, and a method of systematization and classification to develop a taxonomy of S&T tools. The study substantiates that technological sovereignty does not represent static autarky, but rather the state’s dynamic ability to strategically manage interdependencies. The structural contradiction between the objectives of technological security, technological sovereignty, and technological leadership is identified and analyzed. The key role of the state as a strategic customer, investor, and architect of the national innovation system is defined. A comprehensive system of S&T management tools has been developed and systematized, including monitoring, priority projects, mechanisms for overcoming systemic constraints, and integration platforms. As a result, it is concluded that achieving technological sovereignty requires a systemic transformation of public administration focused on long-term priorities. The proposed toolkit forms the basis for moving from declarations to the practice of advanced development. Promising areas for the further research include the development of multifactor metrics for assessing technological sovereignty, analyzing the effectiveness of non-market research and development mechanisms in the new environment, and studying the sociocultural and institutional barriers to developing personnel for the new technological paradigm.

The digital transformation of public administration represents a new technological stage in the organization of public administration, based on the introduction of information technologies, digitalization and automation, transforming the processes of decision- making in the field of public administration. This article examines the process of digital transformation in a comparative and historical perspective, identifies common patterns and country-specific features of this process. Based on a comparative analysis of the experience of four countries — Russia, Estonia, Singapore and the United Kingdom — the evolution of approaches to the digitalization of public administration is traced, key success factors and systemic problems are identified. Thus, Estonia thanks to the centralized X-Road platform and a universal digital identifier has achieved high transparency and convenience in the provision of public services. Singapore focusing on centralized data management has successfully implemented proactive services as part of the Smart Nation initiative. Russia is developing an e-government infrastructure, including an interagency communication system (IMS), but is facing problems integrating legacy government information systems. The United Kingdom, despite the difficulties with outdated software systems, applications and technologies, promotes the concept of Government as a Platform in the context of the formation of the Government Digital Service. The study highlights that the success of the digital transformation of public administration depends on strategic vision, political will, customer-centricity, and adaptability to technological challenges in each specific country. The practical significance of the work lies in the conclusions useful for the development of government strategies for the digital transformation of public administration aimed at improving the efficiency of management and the quality of services for citizens and businesses.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, university entrepreneurship has been a tool for integrating universities with the real sector of the economy of leading countries, including BRICS, developing as part of the university model evolution from Humboldt to entrepreneurial. The object of research covers university entrepreneurship as a separate area of university activity. The subject is the institutional framework of university entrepreneurship in regulatory and legal regulation, statistical monitoring, standardization of activities and products in the areas of university entrepreneurship. The aim is to institutionalize university entrepreneurship in the Russian educational space by revealing the essence of entrepreneurial, Humboldt models of universities; considering university entrepreneurship from statistical observation point of view. Methods include general scientific methods, joint citation analysIs. As a result, the works forming the research landscape on the topic of university entrepreneurship in the NEB are identified, highlighting the periods with the highest level of citations of these works (2015–2021 and 2020–2025); the works with diametrically opposed points of view on certain aspects of university entrepreneurship are identified; the Global Innovation Ranking data for the BRICS member countries for the period 2011–2024 is systemized, reflecting the significant strengthening of the positions of China and India; the absence of the terms “teacher”, “academic staff”, “mentor”, “student”, “startup project team”, etc., the lack of accounting for intellectual property objects in university small innovative enterprises, as well as the lack of accounting for the field of university social entrepreneurship in general, was revealed.. The results obtained can be used to promote university technology and social entrepreneurship in the markets of the BRICS, MENA, and LATAM countries.