The article discusses the specifics of economic relations, their legal nature and differences in approaches to economic relations on the part of the Russian Federation, the European Union and the UN; the specifics of economic sanctions, including against the Russian Federation, are revealed, taking into account the comparison of restrictive measures before February 2022 and after this period. The legal platform for the introduction and implementation of economic sanctions by various actors of international law is determined. The development of the national economy of the Russian Federation in 2022 and 2023 is considered. The key sanctions measures that various countries and the European Union have imposed on the Russian Federation are being studied. Approaches to diminishing (reducing influence) in relation to the stabilization of the national economy of the Russian Federation are revealed. The article focuses on the impact of sanctions on key sectors of the national economy in the aspect of reorientation of management decisions of large enterprises. The specifics of Russian economy adaptation to new conditions are considered, taking into account the priority directions of economic stabilization implemented by the Government of the Russian Federation. The features of the economic sanctions of the USA, Canada, Australia and the European Union against the Russian Federation are considered. The factors of reducing the impact of economic sanctions on the Russian economy are being studied, including the actualization of economic relations with friendly countries. Statistical data and analysis of long-term trends are given, taking into account the position of economists and the Bank of Russia. Estimates of the projected and real GDP of the Russian Federation against the GDP of other countries are compared. As a result, further ways of development of the national economy in the conditions of economic sanctions are predicted, as well as the likelihood of mitigation of restrictive measures against the Russian Federation. Recommendations are provided to minimize the adverse effects of economic sanctions, by supporting the potential of Russian Federation.

The digital transformation in education places new demands on pre-university education, which is an important link in preparing schoolchildren for entering universities and shaping their professional interests and competencies. However, offers for schoolchildren within universities, which represent an effective format for additional education in specialized disciplines, face competition from online platforms and courses, as well as problems with integrating digital technologies into their educational services. This reduces their attractiveness and relevance for schoolchildren, which affects university admission metrics and student motivation. This research focuses on online supplementary education projects at Russian universities, examining the degree of innovativeness in their business models as the subject of investigation. The article examines a number of issues related to the development of methodological approaches to the study of innovativeness of business models in pre-university training. The research methods include general theoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, as well as empirical ones: studying the experience of organizing pre-university education, researching the best domestic practices, statistical analysis of the pre-university education market and business models used, the method of assessing the innovativeness of business models elements, in particular based on frequency analysis and analysing the websites of online education project. As a result of the study, the structure of additional pre-university education and the change in its formats in the context of digitalization and the development of online education, the features and transformation of business models of traditional and modern pre-university training projects are described, and an approach to studying and assessing the innovativeness of business models based on identifying the non-standard nature of the elements used is proposed. It is assumed that the proposed methodological approach to determining the degree of innovativeness of a business model and the identified unique elements of projects provided as hypotheses for building new business models in practice will help existing projects in this area to increase their competitiveness, and companies newly entering the EdTech market — not only to present a high-quality and in-demand product, but also to become successful as a result of rapid growth.

The growth of the quality and standard of living of the population show and confirm the high level of socio-economic development and country’s competitiveness in the world. This trend depends on the regions ability to identify development priorities. They also determine efforts to implement those activity areas that most reflect and characterize a unique regional identity. It becomes necessary to select those areas of economic activity of the region that are strategically priority, and for their implementation there are all the necessary resources (material, intellectual, temporary, image, etc.). The “smart specialization” concept ensures the economic growth of the region’s economy through the realization of innovative potential. In general, “smart specialization” involves the choice of relevant areas of innovative development. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical ideas and practical tools for implementing “smart specialization” concept. The object of the study is the regions of Russia as complex socio-economic systems that implement an innovative development policy aimed at creating their own competitive advantages. The main methods in the study were: 1) methods of logical analysis of the scientific literature and identification of cause and effect relationships, on the basis of which the definitions and main provisions of innovative policies and “smart specialization” of the region were formulated; 2) economic analysis for studying the economic situation in the regions; 3) SWOT analysis and the method of fuzzy sets to justify the implementation of “smart specialization” in the regions of the Russian Far East. As scientific results of the study in relation to the regions of the Far East, mechanisms for managing innovation activities are presented, taking into account the concept of “smart specialization”, aimed at increasing innovation activity and creating unique competitive advantages.

The rapid change of global foreign investment security review situation proposes higher theoretical research requirements for the construction and improvement of China’s foreign investment security review system. With the help of visualization software CiteSpace, this study selects 304 high-quality documents in CNKI database that are closely related to national security review of foreign investment during the ten years from the formal establishment of the security review system of foreign investment and mergers and acquisitions from 2011 to 2021, analyzes the research hotspots, summarizes the research patterns, and builds a research network. Research network. The study finds that the current research in this field still has the problems of unstable cooperation network, narrow research scope, insufficient attention to domestic theories and practices, and insufficient innovation in research content, which is not conducive to promoting the scientific and reasonable development of the research in the field of security review of foreign investment. The study concludes that subsequent research in this area should focus on the improvement of the domestic normative system for foreign investment review, security review in the field of intellectual property rights, and the interface with cybersecurity review and data security.

The article is devoted to the formation of measures for implementing mechanisms to ensure the advanced development of scientific and technical potential of manufacturing industries in Russia in the model of innovation development “open innovator” based on the principles of the concept of “smart specialization”. The methodological basis of the study is the model of innovation development “open innovator” based on the combination of linear and non-linear models of innovation development with the definition of the framework conditions, the role and place of “open innovator”, the provisions of the consolidated strategy for developing the manufacturing industry, the measures of the strategy of scientific and technological development and the concept of technological development of the Russian Federation. Methods of work include analysis of scientific literature, normative and legal acts; vectorial method of calculation of value and expediency of achievement of the set management goal; systematisation of measures. The advanced development of the scientific and technical potential of the Russian manufacturing industry is presented in the model of innovation development “open innovator”, which is based on the combination of linear and non-linear models of innovation development with the definition of the framework conditions, the role and place of the “open innovator”, considered by the authors as a conceptual basis for the formation of both the national innovation system, and regional and sectoral innovation systems. The components of the scientific and technological potential of the Russian manufacturing industry are defined: organisational, material and financial potential, the development of which will ensure the advanced growth of the scientific and technological potential of the Russian manufacturing industry. The principles of the concept of “smart specialisation” are proposed as mechanisms of advanced development of the scientific and technical potential of the manufacturing industry in Russia. Measures for the implementation of mechanisms to ensure the advanced development of scientific and technical potential of Russia’s manufacturing industry from the position of the industrial system and from the position of the innovator in the “open innovator” model of innovation development were developed.

On December 21, 2023, an outstanding American economist, winner of the 1987 Alfred Nobel Prize in Economics, Robert Merton Solow died. Solow made an outstanding contribution to the development of modern economics; he was able to prove that it is not so much capital and labor that shape future output, but technological advances that determine high rates of economic growth. The Solow model is an exogenous model of economic growth, also known as Solow-Swan model, developed independently by Robert Solow and Trevor Swan in 1956. Classical variation of this model assumes that output of the economy depends on the spendings on labor and capital, as well as on the coefficient of the technological development level of said economy. The production capabilities are descripted by the well-known Cobb-Douglas function. As Robert Solow stated in the article (1956), theories rely on assumptions that only simplistically describe the actual reality, therefore these assumptions are not completely true, and therefore theories based on these assumptions are theories. The purpose of the theory is to intelligently simplify the actual reality to a model that takes into account factors that significantly affect the results of calculations, making the model insensitive to fluctuations of parameters not taken into account. The Solow model takes a limited number of factors affecting the output of the economy into account, avoiding many others, such as, for example, the development and accumulation of human capital. Therefore, testing the model on modern empirical data and long statistical series in order to determine its predictive (and explanatory) power, as well as significance of unaccounted factors, is of scientific interest and is the aim of this article. The article considers Solow’s mathematical model of economic growth, some of its basic prerequisites, establishes the correspondence of the economic parameters taken into account in the model and the indicators of economic statistics for testing on modern statistical series with a length of 25 years, determines the correspondence of the calculated annual output indicators to real ones, and also makes an assessment of the economic content of the calculated parameters of the model.

The aim of this article is to identify the relationship between motivation of public servants and organizational citizenship behavior. The motives for working at public service are: prosocial motives (desire to help society), motives for serving the state (a desire to influence important decisions for the development of the state), prestige motives and social stability motives (stability of work, wages, social guarantees). Various forms of organizational citizenship behavior of public servants have been studied (showing initiative, providing moral support to colleagues, exchanging professional experience, assistance to departments’ colleagues, state body’s employees and employees of other organizations). The issue which types of motives for working at public service are the most significant for organizational citizenship behavior has been studied. The hypothesis was tested by conducting semi-structured interviews with public servants of one of the federal executive authorities. As a result of the interviews, it was found that all state public servants tend to show organizational citizenship behavior, despite the strict framework established by their labor contracts. Public servants with prosocial motivation show all the identified forms of organizational citizenship behavior. At the same time, public servants with other motives for working at public service (serving the state, prestige, stability), tend to show organizational citizenship behavior only in certain forms (showing initiative, providing moral support to colleagues, sharing professional experience, assistance to departments’ colleagues). As a result of this research, it is concluded that prosocial motivation for working at public service is a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior.

The aim of the article is to identify the influence of the ethnocultural structure of government personnel in the Southwestern United States on the choice of a public administration model that meets the need to solve problems associated with the polarization among the population of the country’s “Mexican” territory. The relevance of the study lies in the need to overcome the negative consequences caused by the intensification of ethnocultural turbulence processes and uncertainty over the past forty years. The problem posed in the work of model changes in the system of public administration in the Southwestern United States is associated with the need to achieve ethnopolitical stability. The latter is characterized by overcoming the negative impacts of a polarized society, reducing the turbulent manifestation of conflict situations in the public administration system and the latter’s ability to improve the properties and quality of governing subjects and managed objects that identify themselves as different sociocultural and ethnocultural groups of the population of the Southwest. Using the index method, based on data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and the National Association of Public Service Institutes, the dynamics of ethnocultural polarization affecting the three branches of government in the states of California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas are shown. Using the necessary theoretical material, a comparison was made of the characteristics of public administration models that potentially meet the requirements of solving the problems of turbulence and uncertainty, achieving ethnopolitical stability for each of the named states in the region. The most significant results of the study, based on the use of institutional analysis of the established and recommended model of public administration of the states studied, reflect a sharp increase in the share of the Hispanic ethnocultural group (Hispanic/Latinos) in public administration over the past forty years. This group, compared primarily with the group of whites of European origin, by 2021 dominates the personnel of the executive branch in the field of organizational structures of interdepartmental coordination, responsible for coordination in the system “federal center — state government — local government”. In these conditions, it seems necessary to use new conceptual models of public administration — network and robust, reflecting the ethnocultural specifics of the personnel potential of government bodies in the Southwestern United States. It seems that the institutional and structural characteristics of both the network model, focused on consolidating different cultural values through a social contract, and the robust management model, characterized by adaptability and systematicity of political management, will find practical application based on the development of new targeted intermediate institutions of public administration. In most states of the Southwest, the role of intermediate institutions can be assigned to the already emerging system of various councils of interdepartmental and administrative coordination, characterized by an optimal combination of personnel of representative and executive bodies of regional government, formed on the principle of ethnic quotas.

The article analyses correlation of the principles of the right of peoples to self-determination and the territorial integrity of states with the collapse of the USSR, which became a geopolitical catastrophe and led to the emergence of conflicts based on the collision of these principles in the territories of the former Soviet republics. The article examines the political and legal aspects of the implementation of the right of peoples to self-determination and the principle of territorial integrity of states during the collapse of the USSR. The aim of the article is to prove that the collapse of the Soviet Union was not a precedent for the realization of the right of peoples to self-determination; on the contrary, the right of peoples to self-determination was not taken into account during this period. The collapse was a consequence of the failure of the policy to apply the principle of territorial integrity of states. The work uses such methods as the comparative historical method, political and legal analysis, and content analysis of the press. The main results of the work are the following provisions. Drawing the borders of states along the borders of the republics of the USSR led to the active promotion and implementation of the idea of mono-national states. The basic principle of the right of peoples to self-determination — the principle of equal rights of peoples — was violated. In the post-Soviet space, in particular in the Baltic countries, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, discriminatory policies were implemented to promote the interests of the titular nation. The withdrawal of the union republics from the USSR was a consequence not of the implementation of the principle of the right of peoples to self-determination, but of the application of Article 72 of the 1977 USSR Constitution. The results obtained can be used to adjust the policy of implementing the principles of the right of peoples to self-determination and the territorial integrity of states by the Russian Federation.

Тhe article reveals the features of forming digital tourism in modern Russian conditions. The priority of developing domestic and inbound tourism, the need to regulate tourist flows, and the importance of improving the quality of service taking into account the needs of tourists increase the relevance of this issue. The aim of the study is to analyze the features of digital tourism development in Russia and determine the directions for its support. During the research process, official statistical materials, data from sample surveys and observations, comparative analysis, and groupings were used. The novelty of the article is defined by the following: evolution of interpretations of such concepts as “electronic tourism”, “smart tourism”, “digital tourism” is shown, which reflects the various stages of digital technologies use; the level of application of digital technologies in the management and organization of services by tourist intermediaries and hotel enterprises was analyzed; the features of business models formation based on modern digital platforms have been identified. The regional-industrial aspect of the development of digital tourism is considered and differences in the pace of digital transformation in Russian regions are identified. As a factor slowing down the spread of digital technologies, the share of small and medium-sized businesses experiencing difficulties in financing software updates and attracting qualified personnel was noted, which necessitates the development of appropriate support measures and scaling of best practices. A special place in the article is given to the analysis of support at the federal and regional levels through grants and subsidies allocated on a competitive basis to the best practices of digital transformation of the tourism sector. Increasing the sustainable development of digital tourism will be facilitated by the use of analytical services based on big data and artificial intelligence for managing regional tourist flows, developing a portrait of a tourist taking into account his/her behavioral profile, geo-analytics of infrastructure, which should facilitate the adoption of informed management decisions and improve the quality of service for tourists.

The article presents the results of the research dealing with the main features of algorithmic technologies application in the implementation of management processes in organizations. It is revealed that the algorithmization of the management processes is used by the companies functioning in the field of the gig economy, but this trend is gradually spreading to other organizations. The article defines the main content of the algorithmic management process in the gig economy. It is indicated that in the gig economy, the construction of labour relations is regulated by algorithmic management, which is a management system implemented by selflearning algorithms that make decisions regarding interaction with gig workers. Algorithmic management makes it possible to automate managerial decision-making processes, track the behavior of gig workers, evaluate their effectiveness, establish principles of interaction between them and the digital platform, and increase the transparency of socio-economic relations. The characteristics are revealed, the structure is presented, and the implications of algorithmic management as an approach to managing organisational innovation are noted. The study found that the considered process regards the organization reform of the company as the key factor of its strategic development and the digital platforms as the tool for cooptation, control, providing incentive and feedback for the gig workers on the basis of confidence-building (loyalty) between the subjects. It should be noted that the use of algorithms in gig economy organisations has a certain impact on gig workers, who can adapt to this trend, express their disagreement or even stop working on the platform. Furthermore, several suggestions on the sustainable development of the gig economy organizations are made. The research confirms the necessity to build the paradigm of the algorithmic responsibility management in order to avoid the company misconduct and to safeguard the rights and interests of the gig economy stakeholders. The key directions for future research are outlined which can extend the scope of algorithmic technologies implementation.

In the context of economy digital transformation, the development and implementation of projects to introduce innovations into the public administration sector are key tools for improving the quality of public services. This determines the relevance of studying the features of innovation processes and tools for managing them in the process of developing e-government. The article analyzes the directions of transformation of the processes of providing public services using technological and organizational innovations in the context of the public administration sector digitalization. The aim of the study is to further develop theoretical and methodological approaches to innovation and innovation processes in the public administration sector. In accordance with the aim of the study, the authors defined innovations in the public administration sector, presented their classification and identified their differences from innovations in the business sector. An analysis of the reasons hindering the introduction of innovations in the public administration sector was carried out. The growing role of interactions between government bodies and recipients of public services in ensuring the quality of the latter and in activating innovative processes in the sector being studied is substantiated. The author’s methodology for calculating the integral indicator of the effectiveness of interactions between government bodies and recipients of public services using the index method is presented. Conclusions are drawn about the possibility of using the proposed methodology in the development of program documents of the Russian state aimed at further developing e-government and improving tools for monitoring the quality of public services. To solve the research problems content analysis and system analysis were used, which made it possible to identify the features of innovation and innovative processes in the public administration sector and to justify the need for reengineering of the administrative processes. The obtained results can be used in further researches devoted to project management tools for reengineering administrative processes using digital innovations.

Differentiation of an individual’s achievements includes, firstly, «fair» inequality caused by factors within the area of personal responsibility (effort, perseverance, etc.); secondly, the «unfair» one, caused by factors that the individual cannot control or change (male, age, place of birth, quality of upbringing, etc.). It is precisely reducing the second type of inequality — inequality of opportunities — that government policy measures should be aimed at. This research seeks to estimate the wage differentiation caused by inequality of opportunities using microdata (according to the sample observation by Rosstat). The factors-circumstances influencing the individual’s achievements included gender, age, size of the locality where the individual lives, lack of higher education. The study has revealed that the level of inequality of opportunity in Russia is decreasing, but regional disparities by this indicator do not change significantly. At the same time, the heterogeneity of the subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of the level of inequality of opportunities is higher than that of general inequality of labor income. The difference between the minimum and maximum overall salary differentiation index in 2021 was 5.5 times, while for Inequality of opportunities explains at least 20–24% of total wage differentials.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the environmental policy of the Government of Moscow and the Moscow region and its reflection in the news content of the mass media for the period from January 01 to July 31, 2023. The analysis of publications was carried out using the automated system Medialogy. The total number of analyzed publications is 6620 messages. The results of the study indicate that the gap associated with the population’s need for a favorable environmental situation and the real state of affairs tends to decrease. Publications have a pronounced positive emotional coloring. At the same time, the problems that, according to environmental monitoring by All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center, do not lose their relevance, namely, the response of the authorities to environmental problems, construction and transport issues, are reflected in publications in the media and make up a set of the most complete thematic headings. The information field in the sphere of ecology is sensitive to regulatory events: a surge of publications occurs in the period of active transformations in environmental legislation, which suggests that such a management tool as regulatory regulation has the greatest weight in the information space. An important role in shaping a positive perception of the environmental situation is given to dialogues with government officials (for example, the mayor of Moscow), as well as various environmental actions that allow government officials and environmental activists to carry out targeted activities and broadcast their benefits to the population. As prospects for further research, the opportunity to analyze the publications of various persons, groups and channels in social networks is highlighted.

The obesity epidemic is a serious public health problem. Over the past 40 years, there has been a significant increase in obesity cases worldwide due to various factors, the main of which are urbanization, sedentary lifestyle and excessive consumption of highcalorie foods. A particularly alarming fact is the progressive increase in childhood obesity, which portends a huge burden of chronic diseases in the future. Obesity is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain forms of cancer, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, gastrointestinal tract, severe infectious diseases, significantly reduces life span and quality of life, has a negative impact on the economy, increasing health care costs and reducing the productivity of obese people. Traditional methods of combating obesity have proved ineffective, which underscores the need for a change in strategy. Instead of relying solely on individual impact measures, it is necessary to focus on large-scale policy actions aimed at changing the environment that contributes to obesity. Measures aimed at the entire population, such as food labeling, taxes on products with high sugar content, restrictions on the marketing of unhealthy foods, and campaigns to promote a healthy lifestyle seem to be the most effective. A targeted approach is also needed, taking into account the characteristics of different population groups. Investing in prevention can help increase the life span of the population, reduce health care costs, increase human resources and strengthen the country’s economy. The review analyzes the socio-economic factors and consequences of obesity, assesses the possibilities of public policy in combating this epidemic and examines the best global practice.