Ethno-political Stability, Form of Government and Territorial Structure of the State: Features and Mechanisms of Interconnection

Abstract

Political leaders are facing today the question of how to combine an ethnic diversity and regional differences inherent to the majority of modern states with assuring their territorial integrity. One of the tools for solving this problem is the use of ethno-federalism — the organization of the state’s territorial structure on the base of ethnic principle. The consequences of using this principle are quite controversial, but the elites of culturally heterogeneous states are inclined now to use it in one form or another. An important impact on harmonizing interethnic relations has also the choice of one or another form of government (parliamentary, presidential, mixed). The article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Supporters of presidentialism claim that only a strong presidential power can assure stability in a culturally complex society. However, the government within this system is not a coalition, which reduces the chances of various ethnic communities being represented in it. The parliamentary system provides more possibilities for the participation of ethnic, religious and linguistic groups in the exercise of power. However, such a situation threatens to divide society into competing ethno-cultural communities. In general, it should be concluded that the relationship between the territorial structure of the state, forms of government and opportunities for harmonizing interethnic relations is complex, non-linear. At the same time, it can be argued that under any circumstances, the activities of effectively functioning democratic institutions — regular and fair elections, separation of powers — is a necessary condition for ensuring ethno-political stability in culturally heterogeneous societies.