The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000
https://doi.org/10.24412/2070-1381-2023-98-138-150
Abstract
This article presents a retrospective analysis of formation and development of environmental policy and formation of environmentalist (“green”) political movements in Japan, France and the United States in the period from 1950 to 2000. The results of the study show that despite various prerequisites in the form of the socio-economic situation of countries by 1950 and regardless of the traditions of ecological culture, which was formed under the influence of various factors (geographical location, natural resource potential, historical experience, etc.), the development of ecological policy in these countries took place in three stages according to a similar logic. The first stage is the awareness of the need for environmental protection, the understanding of their “ecological tradition” and the emergence of the first political green movements. The second stage is associated with a political crisis, which occurs due to the fact that the deterioration of the environmental situation is happening faster than the legislative apparatus of the state has time to pass environmental laws and support “green” initiatives. Also, at this stage, it is necessary to note the popularization of the ideas of environmentalism among the general public, which results in an increase in the number of both the “green” socio-political movements themselves and the number of their participants. At the third stage, the environmental activities of states begin to satisfy the “green” socio-political movements, which is why the level of protest decreases, and international treaties on environmental protection are adopted and ratified. For these reasons, at the third stage, there is a reduction in the number of participants in the “green” movements. In conclusion, an assumption is made that the identified stages are also valid for other societies.
About the Author
N. S. Skipin
INION RAN
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikolai S. Skipin, Research Fellow
Moscow, Russian Federation
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For citations:
Skipin N.S. The Development of Environmentalism and Environmental Policy in Japan, France and the United States in 1950–2000. Public Administration. E-journal (Russia). 2023;(98):138-150. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2070-1381-2023-98-138-150
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