<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gosupr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Государственное управление. Электронный вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Public Administration. E-journal (Russia)</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2070-1381</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Факультет государственного управления МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55959/MSU2070-1381-116-2026-40-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gosupr-301</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ: ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS: THEORY AND PRACTICE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Профессионализация гражданского сектора в условиях многоакторного управления</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Professionalization of the Civil Sector in a Multi-Actor Management Environment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдалян</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdalyan</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдалян Андраник Варданович, факультет государственного управления, соискатель</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andranik V. Avdalyan, School of Public Administration, PhD applicant</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">av.avdalyan@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>116</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдалян А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдалян А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdalyan A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.spajournal.ru/jour/article/view/301">https://www.spajournal.ru/jour/article/view/301</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена анализу профессионализации гражданского сектора как фактора его включения в многоакторные режимы управления. В условиях полицентричного сетевого управления гражданский сектор рассматривается как структурно необходимый актор публичной политики, обеспечивающий экспертизу, посредничество и продвижение социальных инноваций. Недостаточная развитость данного сектора приводит к эрозии механизмов общественного контроля, снижению инклюзивности публичной политики и росту патерналистских ожиданий граждан. Ключевым механизмом перехода от спонтанной, эпизодической активности гражданских организаций к устойчивым формам участия выступает профессионализация, под которой понимается процесс институционализации управленческих и экспертных компетенций организации. Целью данной работы является определение влияния профессионализации организаций гражданского сектора на их позиционирование в публичной политике в различных институциональных условиях. В рамках представленного исследования был проведен концептуально-теоретический анализ в контуре концепций сетевого и совместного управления, нового институционализма и концепции колеи гражданского сектора. В статье показано, что эффекты профессионализации зависят от конкретного институционального контекста. Для анализа механизмов влияния гражданского сектора используется модель политического цикла, позволяющая рассматривать профессионализацию как набор функциональных ресурсов на различных стадиях принятия политических решений. При этом профессионализация не является линейным процессом и сопровождается ростом рисков, способных осложнить деятельность организаций гражданского сектора, а минимизация рисков возможна через развитие процедур участия, реализацию механизмов предотвращения конфликтов, разделение стратегических и операционных функций, а также с помощью диверсификации ресурсной базы, перехода к долгосрочному финансированию и внедрению инструментов финансового планирования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyses professionalization of the civil sector as a factor of its inclusion in multi-actor governance. In the context of polycentric network governance, the civil sector is viewed as a structurally necessary actor in public policy, providing expertise, mediation and promotion of social innovation. The underdevelopment of this sector leads to erosion of public control mechanisms, decrease in the inclusiveness of public policy and increase in paternalistic expectations of citizens. The key mechanism for the transition from spontaneous, episodic activity of civil society organizations to sustainable forms of participation is professionalization, which is understood as the process of institutionalization of managerial and expert competencies of the organization. The aim of this work is to determine the impact of the professionalization of civil sector organizations on their positioning in public policy in various institutional settings. Within the framework of the presented research, a conceptual and theoretical analysis was conducted in the outline of the concepts of network and collaborative management, new institutionalism and the concept of the civil sector track. The article shows that the effects of professionalization depend on the specific institutional context. To analyze the mechanisms of the civil sector influence, a model of the political cycle was used, which makes it possible to consider professionalization as a set of functional resources at various stages of political decision-making. It is emphasised that professionalization is not a linear process and is accompanied by increase in risks that can complicate the activities of civil sector organizations, and pointed out that risk minimization is possible through the development of participation procedures, the implementation of conflict prevention mechanisms, the separation of strategic and operational functions, as well as through the diversification of the resource base, the transition to long-term financing and implementation financial planning tools.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Гражданский сектор</kwd><kwd>публичная политика</kwd><kwd>сетевое управление</kwd><kwd>политический цикл</kwd><kwd>гражданское общество.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Сivil sector</kwd><kwd>public policy</kwd><kwd>network governance</kwd><kwd>political cycle</kwd><kwd>civil society</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Архипова Е.Б., Старшинова А.В., Бородкина О.И. Факторы развития негосударственного сектора социальных услуг в российских регионах // Мир России. 2023. Т. 32. № 4. С. 96–118. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2023-32-4-96-118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson J. (2011) Public Policymaking: An Introduction. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старшинова А.В., Бородкина О.И. Стратегии устойчивости социально ориентированных НКО: механизм грантовой поддержки // Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз. 2022. Т. 15. № 5. С. 221–236. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2022.5.83.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ansell C., Gash A. (2008) Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Vol. 18. Is. 4. P. 543–571. DOI: 10.1093/jopart/mum032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холявин А.О. Отношение к чаепитию как маркер профессионализации сообщества третьего сектора в Санкт-Петербурге // Журнал исследований социальной политики. 2020a. Т. 18. № 1. С. 99–114. DOI: 10.17323/727-0634-2020-18-1-99-114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkhipova E.B., Starshinova A.V., Borodkina O.I. (2023) Development Factors in the Non-Governmental Social Services Sector in the Russian Regions. Mir Rossii. Vol. 32. No. 4. P. 96–118. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2023-32-4-96-118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Холявин А.О. «Пирожки для бабушки»: критический взгляд на проектное мышление НКО // Журнал исследований социальной политики. 2020b. Т. 18. № 3. С. 461–474. DOI: 10.17323/727-0634-2020-18-3-461-474</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avila R. (2024) McMullin, C.: Non-profit Organizations and Co-production: The Logics Shaping Professional and Citizen Collaboration. Nonprofit Policy Forum. Vol. 15. Is. 3. P. 263–268. DOI: 10.1515/npf-2024-0023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Якобсон Л.И., Иванова Н.В., Телицына А.Ю. Корпоративное управление в НКО: теории и российская практика // Мониторинг общественного мнения: экономические и социальные перемены. 2021. № 6(166). С. 459–476. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.1835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brusseel A., Raeymaeckers P., Verschuere B. (2025) Conceptualizing Policy Advocacy Effectiveness in NPO Research: A Scoping Review of Criteria and Indicators. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. Vol. 36. Is. 1. P. 60–72. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-024-00692-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson J. Public Policymaking: An Introduction. Boston: Cengage, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DiMaggio P., Powell W. (1983) The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. American Sociological Review. Vol. 48. Is. 2. P. 147–160. DOI: 10.2307/2095101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ansell C., Gash A., Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice // Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. 2008. Vol. 18. Is. 4. P. 543–571. DOI: 10.1093/jopart/mum032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evers A., Laville J.-L. (2004) The Third Sector in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avila R. McMullin, C.: Non-profit Organizations and Co-production: The Logics Shaping Professional and Citizen Collaboration // Nonprofit Policy Forum. 2024. Vol. 15. Is. 3. P. 263–268. DOI: 10.1515/npf-2024-0023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hersberger-Langloh S.E., Stuhlinger S. (2021) Institutional Isomorphism and Nonprofit Managerialism: For Better or Worse? Nonprofit Management and Leadership. Vol. 31. Is. 3. P. 461–480. DOI:10.1002/nml.21441</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brusseel A., Raeymaeckers P., Verschuere B. Conceptualizing Policy Advocacy Effectiveness in NPO Research: A Scoping Review of Criteria and Indicators // Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 2025. Vol. 36. Is. 1. P. 60–72. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-024-00692-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heylen F., Willems E., Beyers J. (2020) Do Professionals Take Over? Professionalisation and Membership Influence in Civil Society Organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. Vol. 31. Is. 6. P. 1226–1238. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-020-00214-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DiMaggio P., Powell W. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields // American Sociological Review. 1983. Vol. 48. Is. 2. P. 147–160. DOI: 10.2307/2095101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hokyu H., Walter P.W. (2009) The Rationalization of Charity: The Influences of Professionalism in the Nonprofit Sector. Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 54. Is. 2. P. 268–298. DOI: 10.2189/asqu.2009.54.2.268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evers A., Laville J.-L. The Third Sector in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holavins А. (2020a) Attitudes toward Tea-Drinking as an Indicator for the Professionalization of the Third Sector in Saint Petersburg. Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki. Vol. 18. No. 1. P. 99–114. DOI: 10.17323/727-0634-2020-18-1-99-114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hersberger-Langloh S.E., Stuhlinger S. Institutional Isomorphism and Nonprofit Managerialism: For Better or Worse? // Nonprofit Management and Leadership. 2021. Vol. 31. Is. 3. P. 461–480. DOI:10.1002/nml.21441</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holavins А. (2020b) Little Red Riding Hood and a Critique of ‘Project Thinking’ among NGOs. Zhurnal issledovaniy sotsial’noy politiki. Vol. 18. No. 3. P. 461–474. DOI: 10.17323/727-0634-2020-18-3-461-474</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heylen F., Willems E., Beyers J. Do Professionals Take Over? Professionalisation and Membership Influence in Civil Society Organizations // Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 2020. Vol. 31. Is. 6. P. 1226–1238. DOI: 10.1007/s11266-020-00214-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Howlett M., Ramesh M., Perl A. (2009) Studying Public Policy. Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press Canada.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hokyu H., Walter P.W. The Rationalization of Charity: The Influences of Professionalism in the Nonprofit Sector // Administrative Science Quarterly. 2009. Vol. 54. Is. 2. P. 268–298. DOI: 10.2189/asqu.2009.54.2.268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ihm J. (2024) Organizational Communication for Social Change on Social Media: NPOs’ Social Media Strategies Based on Their Perception of Three Stakeholder Networks in Collective and Connective Action. Journal of Communication. Vol. 74. Is. 5. P. 410–423. DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Howlett M., Ramesh M., Perl A. Studying Public Policy. Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakobson L.I., Ivanova N.V., Telitsyna A.Yu. (2021) NGO Corporate Governance: Theories and Russian Practices. Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyye peremeny. No. 6(166). P. 459–476. DOI: 10.14515/monitoring.2021.6.1835</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ihm J. Organizational Communication for Social Change on Social Media: NPOs’ Social Media Strategies Based on Their Perception of Three Stakeholder Networks in Collective and Connective Action // Journal of Communication. 2024. Vol. 74. Is. 5. P. 410–423. DOI: 10.1093/joc/jqae034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer R., Jancsary D., Hollerer M. (2021) Neoinstitutional Theory and Nonprofit Governance Research. In: Donnelly-Cox G., Meyer M., Wijkström F. (eds.) Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 141–164. DOI: 10.4337/9781788114912.00017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer R., Jancsary D., Hollerer M. Neoinstitutional Theory and Nonprofit Governance Research // Research Handbook on Nonprofit Governance / ed. by G. Donnelly-Cox, M. Meyer, F. Wijkström. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. P. 141–164. DOI: 10.4337/9781788114912.00017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michels R. (2001) Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Kitchener: Batoche Books.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michels R. Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy. Kitchener: Batoche Books, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrom E. (1996) Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development. World Development. Vol. 24. Is. 6. P. 1073–1087. DOI: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrom E. Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development // World Development. 1996. Vol. 24. Is. 6. P. 1073–1087. DOI: 10.1016/0305-750X(96)00023-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakar T., Kolaric Z. (2025) Development of Civil Society Organizations — Caught Up in the Framework of Different Welfare Systems. Social Sciences. Vol. 14. Is. 3. DOI: 10.3390/socsci14030182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rakar T., Kolaric Z. Development of Civil Society Organizations — Caught Up in the Framework of Different Welfare Systems // Social Sciences. 2025. Vol. 14. Is. 3. DOI: 10.3390/socsci14030182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhodes R.A.W. (1997) Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhodes R.A.W. Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham; Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salamon L.M., Anheier H.K. (1998) Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Non-Profit Sector Cross-Nationally. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. Vol. 9. Is. 3. P. 213–248. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022058200985</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salamon L.M., Anheier H.K. Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Non-Profit Sector Cross-Nationally // International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. 1998. Vol. 9. Is. 3. P. 213–248. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022058200985</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santilli C., Scaramuzzino R. (2024) Professionalization and Elitisation. In: Enjolras B., Johansson H., Sivesind K.H. (eds.) Civil Society Elites in the Italian Third Sector. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. P. 81–97. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-71444-3_6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santilli C., Scaramuzzino R. Professionalization and Elitisation // Civil Society Elites in the Italian Third Sector / ed. by B. Enjolras, H. Johansson, K.H. Sivesind. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2024. P. 81–97. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-71444-3_6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seibicke H. (2020) How are Policy Knowledge and Expertise Generated in Civil Society Organizations? ARENA Working Paper 2/2020. Available at: https://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/ arena-working-papers/pdf/2011-2020/wp-02-20.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seibicke H. How are Policy Knowledge and Expertise Generated in Civil Society Organizations? // ARENA Working Paper 2/2020. 2020. URL: https://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-working-papers/pdf/2011-2020/wp-02-20.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sørensen E., Torfing J. (eds.) (2008) Theories of Democratic Network Governance. New York: Palgrave.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theories of Democratic Network Governance / ed. by E. Sørensen, J. Torfing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starshinova A.V., Borodkina O.I. (2022). Sustainability Strategies of Socially Oriented NPOs: Grant Support Mechanism. Ekonomicheskiye i sotsial’nyye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz. Vol. 15. No. 5. С. 221–236. DOI: 10.15838/esc.2022.5.83.12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
